The Conversos of Valencia: Prosopography of a Socio-Religious Community (1391–1420)

Guillermo LóPez Juan

doi:10.1007/s10835-021-09386-3

Published: 2021-10-20

A Secure Communication Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Navid Ali ¹

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (JESTEC) (2022 )Cite this article

Abstract

Mavlink is a lightweight and most widely used open-source communication protocol used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Multiple UAVs and autopilot systems support it, and it provides bi-directional communication between the UAV and Ground Control Station. The communications contain critical information about the UAV status and basic control commands sent from GCS to UAV and UAV to GCS. In order to increase the transfer speed and efficiency, the Mavlink does not encrypt the messages. As a result, the protocol is vulnerable to various security attacks such as Eavesdropping, GPS Spoofing, and DDoS. In this study, we tackle the problem and secure the Mavlink communication protocol. By leveraging the Mavlink packet’s vulnerabilities, this research work introduces an experiment in which, first, the Mavlink packets are com

About this article

Cite this article

Navid Ali. A Secure Communication Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (JESTEC). 15. 13(2022) http://jestec.org/

Download citation

Accepted Date2021-10-15
Issue Date2021-10-21
Publish Date2021-10-20
DOIhttp://jestec.org/

Keywords

UAvs
CS

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Abd Manaf L, Samah MAA, Zukki NIM (2009) Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: practices and challenges. Waste Manage 29(11):2902–2906

Google Scholar
Alam R, Shang JQ (2017) Removal of bitumen from mature oil sands tailings slurries by electro-flotation. J Water Process Eng 15:116–123

Google Scholar
Amor C, De Torres-Socías E, Peres JA, Maldonado MI, Oller I, Malato S, Lucas MS (2015) Mature landfill leachate treatment by coagulation/flocculation combined with Fenton and solar photo-Fenton processes. J Hazard Mater 286:261–268

CAS Google Scholar
Amr SA, Aziz HA, Hossain MS, Bashir MJ (2017) Simultaneous removal of COD and color from municipal landfill leachate using Ozone/Zinc sulphate oxidation process. Glob Nest J 19(19):498–504

Google Scholar
Anju G, Subha B, Muthukumar M, Sangeetha T (2019) Application of response surface methodology for sago wastewater treatment by Ozonation. Iran J Energy Environ 10(2):96–103

CAS Google Scholar
Antonyováa ANNA, Antonyb PETER (2018) Electro-flotation as the method of the water treatment in recycling process of contaminated water as an integral part of the reverse logistics system. J Southwest Jiaotong Univ 53(5)
Aoudj S, Khelifa A, Drouiche N, Hecini M (2016) Removal of fluoride and turbidity from semiconductor industry wastewater by combined coagulation and electroflotation. Desal Water Treat 57(39):18398–18405

CAS Google Scholar
Asaithambi P, Beyene D, Aziz ARA, Alemayehu E (2018) Removal of pollutants with determination of power consumption from landfill leachate wastewater using an electrocoagulation process: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Appl Water Sci 8(2):69

Google Scholar
Atashzaban Z, Seidmohammadi A, Nematollahi D, Azarian G, Heidary SO, Rahmani AR (2016) The efficiency of electrocoagulation and electroflotation processes for removal of polyvinyl acetate from synthetic effluent. Avicenna J Environ Health Eng 3(2):7469–7469

Google Scholar
Azmi NB, Bashir MJ, Sethupathi S, Wei LJ, Aun NC (2015) Stabilized landfill leachate treatment by sugarcane bagasse derived activated carbon for removal of color, COD and NH3–N–optimization of preparation conditions by RSM. J Environ Chem Eng 3(2):1287–1294

CAS Google Scholar
Behera SK, Meena H, Chakraborty S, Meikap BC (2018) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of leaching parameters for ash reduction from low-grade coal. Int J Mining Sci Technol 28(4):621–629

CAS Google Scholar
Brienza M, Katsoyiannis IA (2017) Sulfate radical technologies as tertiary treatment for the removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater. Sustainability 9(9):1604

Google Scholar
Chen H, Sun Y, Ruan X, Yu Y, Zhu M, Zhang J, Qian G (2016) Advanced treatment of stabilized landfill leachate after biochemical process with hydrocalumite chloride (Ca/Al–Cl LDH). Bioresource Technol 210:131–137

CAS Google Scholar
Darvishmotevalli M, Zarei A, Moradnia M, Noorisepehr M, Mohammadi H (2019) Optimization of saline wastewater treatment using electrochemical oxidation process: Prediction by RSM method. MethodsX 6:1101–1113

Google Scholar
Dimoglo A, Sevim-Elibol P, Dinç Ö, Gökmen K, Erdoğan H (2019) Electrocoagulation/electroflotation as a combined process for the laundry wastewater purification and reuse. J Water Process Eng 31:100877

Google Scholar
Ekawati D, Nadira R (2018) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for wastewater of hospital by using electrocoagulation. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 345(1):012011

Google Scholar
Erabee IK, Ahsan A, Jose B, Aziz MMA, Ng AWM, Idrus S, Daud NNN (2018) Adsorptive treatment of landfill leachate using activated carbon modified with three different methods. KSCE J Civil Eng 22(4):1083–1095

Google Scholar
Estrada-Vázquez C, Salinas-Pacheco A, Peralta-Reyes E, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Regalado-Méndez A (2019) Parametric optimization of domestic wastewater treatment in an activated sludge sequencing batch reactor using response surface methodology. J Environ Sci Health Part A 54(12):1197–1205

Google Scholar
Fernandes A, Pacheco MJ, Ciríaco L, Lopes A (2015) Review on the electrochemical processes for the treatment of sanitary landfill leachates: present and future. Appl Catalysis B: Environ 176:183–200

Google Scholar
Gautam P, Kumar S, Lokhandwala S (2019) Advanced oxidation processes for treatment of leachate from hazardous waste landfill: a critical review. J Cleaner Prod p 117639
Ghafari S, Aziz HA, Isa MH, Zinatizadeh AA (2009) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize coagulation–flocculation treatment of leachate using poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum. J Hazard Mater 163(2–3):650–656

CAS Google Scholar
Hassani G, Alinejad A, Sadat A, Esmaeili A, Ziaei M, Bazrafshan AA, Sadat T (2016) Optimization of landfill leachate treatment process by electrocoagulation, electroflotation and sedimentation sequential method. Int J Electrochem Sci 11:6705–6718

CAS Google Scholar
Johari A, Alkali H, Hashim H, Ahmed SI, Mat R (2014) Municipal solid waste management and potential revenue from recycling in Malaysia. Modern Appl Sci 8(4):37

Google Scholar
Jiménez C, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA (2016) Optimization of a combined electrocoagulation-electroflotation reactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(10):9700–9711

Google Scholar
Kamaruddin MA, Abdullah MMA, Yusoff MS, Alrozi R, Neculai O (2017) Coagulation-flocculation process in landfill leachate treatment: focus on coagulants and coagulants aid. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 209(1):012083

Google Scholar
Khalek A, El-Hosiny FI, Selim KA, Osama I (2017) Produced Water Treatment Using a New Designed Electroflotation Cell. Int J Res Industrial Eng 6(4):328–338

Google Scholar
Kjeldsen P, Barlaz MA, Rooker AP, Baun A, Ledin A, Christensen TH (2002) Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 32(4):297–336

CAS Google Scholar
Kulikowska D, Zielińska M, Konopka K (2019) Treatment of stabilized landfill leachate in an integrated adsorption–fine-ultrafiltration system. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(1):423–430

CAS Google Scholar
Li R, Wang B, Owete O, Dertien J, Lin C, Ahmad H, Chen G (2017) Landfill leachate treatment by electrocoagulation and fiber filtration. Water Environ Res 89(11):2015–2020

CAS Google Scholar
Li YL, Wang J, Yue ZB, Tao W, Yang HB, Zhou YF, Chen TH (2017) Simultaneous chemical oxygen demand removal, methane production and heavy metal precipitation in the biological treatment of landfill leachate using acid mine drainage as sulfate resource. J Biosci Bioeng 124(1):71–75

CAS Google Scholar
Mahalik K, Sahu JN, Patwardhan AV, Meikap BC (2010) Statistical modelling and optimization of hydrolysis of urea to generate ammonia for flue gas conditioning. J Hazard Mater 182(1–3):603–610

CAS Google Scholar
Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Taherian AR, Boo HC (2009) Modeling the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion as function of main emulsion components using response surface methodology. Carbohyd Polym 75(3):512–520

CAS Google Scholar
Mohtashami R, Shang JQ (2019a) Electroflotation for Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: A Focused Review. Environ Proc 6(2):325–353

Google Scholar
Mohtashami R, Shang JQ (2019b) Treatment of automotive paint wastewater in continuous-flow electroflotation reactor. J Cleaner Prod 218:335–346

CAS Google Scholar
Mohtashami R, Shang JQ, Xu Y (2018) Treatment of automotive paint wastewater using electroflotation: kinetic study, influencing factors and data analysis. Environ Proc 5(3):577–591

CAS Google Scholar
Mostefa NM, Tir M (2004) Coupling flocculation with electroflotation for waste oil/water emulsion treatment. Optim Oper Cond Desalin 161(2):115–121

CAS Google Scholar
Muhamad MH, Abdullah SRS, Mohamad AB, Rahman RA, Kadhum AAH (2013) Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimisation of COD, NH₃–N and 2, 4-DCP removal from recycled paper wastewater in a pilot-scale granular activated carbon sequencing batch biofilm reactor (GAC-SBBR). J Environ Manag 121:179–190

CAS Google Scholar
Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay S, Hashim MA, Sen Gupta B (2015) Contemporary environmental issues of landfill leachate: assessment and remedies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45(5):472–590

Google Scholar
Naje AS, Ajeel MA, Alaba PA, Chelliapan S (2018) Treatment of textile wastewater using a novel electrocoagulation reactor design. Wastewater Water Qual pp 111–123
Naje AS, Ajeel MA, Ali IM, Al-Zubaidi HA, Alaba PA (2019) Raw landfill leachate treatment using an electrocoagulation process with a novel rotating electrode reactor. Water Sci Technol 80(3):458–465

CAS Google Scholar
Nizaa NM, Emmanuela MI, Shadia AMH, Yusofc MSM, Kamaruddina MA (2019) Role of turbulent flow and gas bubbles in enhancing mass transfer in batch electrocoagulation: a brief review. Desal Water Treat 161:35–47

Google Scholar
Ntambwe Kambuyi T, Eddaqaq F, Driouich A, Bejjany B, Lekhlif B, Mellouk H, Dani A (2019) Using response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing turbidity removal by electrocoagulation/electro-flotation in an internal loop airlift reactor. Water Supply 19(8):2476–2484

Google Scholar
Pereira CP, da Conceição Pereira T, Gomes G, Quintaes BR, Bila DM, Campos JC (2018) Evaluation of reduction estrogenic activity in the combined treatment of landfill leachate and sanitary sewage. Waste Manag 80:339–348

Google Scholar
Robinson T (2017) Removal of toxic metals during biological treatment of landfill leachates. Waste Manag 63:299–309

CAS Google Scholar
Taqwa A, Syakdani A (2017) Treatment of landfill leachate by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes. In: MATEC web of conferences (Vol 101, p 02010). EDP Sciences
Wang C, Alpatova A, McPhedran KN, El-Din MG (2015) Coagulation/flocculation process with polyaluminum chloride for the remediation of oil sands process-affected water: performance and mechanism study. J Environ Manag 160:254–262

CAS Google Scholar
Xu Q, Siracusa G, Di Gregorio S, Yuan Q (2018) COD removal from biologically stabilized landfill leachate using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Process Saf Environ Prot 120:278–285

CAS Google Scholar

A Secure Communication Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Abstract

Author information

Affiliations

Corresponding author

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keywords

Your Privacy

Strictly Necessary Cookies

Performance Cookies

Functional Cookies

Targeting Cookies

Social Media Cookies

Targeting (1st Party)

Targeting (3rd Party)

Google & IAB TCF 2 Purposes of Processing

Strictly Necessary Cookies

Performance Cookies

Functional Cookies

Targeting Cookies

Social Media Cookies

Targeting (1st Party)

Targeting (3rd Party)

Google & IAB TCF 2 Purposes of Processing

33Across

33Across

Abstract

Author information

Affiliations

Corresponding author

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cite this Article

Keywords